If a branch is cut, the sapwood tissue just below the outer bark is yellow and the heartwood tissue in the center is pinkorange michigan. Only potential vegetation types from northcentral and northeastern us habitats where glossy buckthorn is most widely distributed are listed in. Frangula alnus at encyclopedia of life frangula alnus at national center for biotechnology information. Frangula alnus assessment answers are underlined and. Considered to be the most ornamental of the buckthorns. Frangula alnus the following table provides fire regime information vegetation types where glossy buckthorn may occur. Rhamnaceae buckthorn family medicinal use of alder buckthorn. Molecular phylogeny of alnus betulaceae, inferred from nuclear ribosomal dna its sequences article pdf available in plant and soil 2541.
Rhamnaceae of north america update, database version 2011 acquired. Perennial, deciduous, shrub or small tree, often multistemmed, can be singletrunked, to 20 tall. Pdf online viewing for only 30 per year, you can view online all the monographs summary. The alder buckthorn is characterized by the presence of glossy oval shaped green leaves, each of which can be one to three inches in length, the leaves are borne on the stem in alternate rows and are not ridged. Although this plant has usually decorative applications, one study reported. Benefits of alder buckthorn rhamnus frangula for health. Low genetic diversity and potential inbreeding in an. Effects of rhamnus frangula extract on mcf7 cells in cell. Department of agriculture agricultural research service. Uses, benefits, cures, side effects, nutrients in rhamnus frangula.
Glossy buckthorn can either grow as a multistemmed shrub or singlestemmed tree up to 23 7 m tall. The leaf margins are smoothentire and tend to be slightly wavy. They were probably introduced to the us before 1800 but did not become widespread until the early 1900s. Pdf molecular phylogeny of alnus betulaceae, inferred. Frangula alnus was probably introduced to north america about 200 years ago, and in canada about 100 years ago. Foliage the dark green leaves are shiny, alternate sometime opposite and simple with prominent venation.
Leaves are deciduous, simple, and generally arrang ed alternately. Note that the pdf version is the booklet as published, whereas the excel spreadsheet incorporates subsequent corrections. Detailed information on wisconsin invasive species including decription, habitats, control methods usda plants database. Rhamnus frangula landscape plants oregon state university. This plant may be known by one or more common names in different places, and some are listed above. Gray, but its leaf margins are finely serrated serrulate and leaves are 3 times as long as wide. Frangula alnus definition of frangula alnus by medical. The specific name alnus and the common name alder buckthorn may be related to the frequent occurrence of f. Frangula alnus, commonly known as glossy buckthorn, is a shrub that can grow to seven metres and is sometimes considered a tree. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. List of various diseases cured by rhamnus frangula. The bark of rhamnus frangula linn frangula alnus miller, family rhamnaceae buckthorn is used. On hydrolysis, the glycosides yield aglycones which are di, tri, or tetrahydroxyanthraquinones or derivatives of. Unlike other buckthorns, alder buckthorn does not have thorns.
Rhamnus frangula herb uses, benefits, cures, side effects. Frangula alnus is recorded in 23 states in the us usda i nrcs 2001. Frangula alnus typically inhabits wet, shaded and acidic soils. Frangula alnus glossy buckthorn fral4 8004 european alder alder buckthorn form.
Frangula alnus euforgen european forest genetic resources programme. Frangula alnus mill rhamnaceae, a shrub 35 m high and found in britain and europe. Alderleaved buckthorn rhamnus alnifolia has serrate leaf margins. Names of rhamnus frangula in various languages of the world are also given. The effects of frangula alnus miller on hek cells in cell culture. Alder buckthorn frangula alnus is one of irelands rarest tree species, and in northern ireland the species is now restricted to a single population in peatlands park, co.
The alder buckthorn can be considered a deciduous shrub or even a small tree, the plant often reaches 20 feet in height when fully mature. Only potential vegetation types from northcentral and northeastern us habitats where glossy buckthorn is most widely distributed are listed in the table below. Frangula alnus primarily reproduce by seed converse, 1984. A number of glycosides with aglycones related to anthracene are present in such drugs as cascara cascara sagrada, aloes aloe sp. Frangula alnus on integrated taxonomic information system.
Alternate, simple, elliptical to oblong or obovate, 2 to 4 inches long, entire, veins are parallel but near edges of leaf turn and follow the edge, shiny green above, may be pale pubescent beneath, petiole short and pubescent. Pre evaluation report for frangula alnus ron williams. The wood has been used to make butchers skewers which are known in some areas as dogs, hence the alternative common name of black dogwood fraser, 2003. The trees wood is soft and used for high quality charcoal and gunpowder, while its bark, fruit and leaves are utilized for producing dyes and local medicine. Photos, descriptions, information university of wisconsin green bay. Alder buckthorn has been used medicinally as a gentle laxative since at least the middle ages. Commerical supplies are available from balkan countries and a.
The herbal monograph selects and summarises scientific studies and textbooks regarding efficacy, dosage and safety to support the therapeutic uses of frangula bark. Maine natural areas program, invasive plants, imap. Glossy buckthorn frangula alnus is a shrub or small, multistemmed tree. Rhamnus cathartica and frangula alnus report 200405. How rhamnus frangula is effective for various diseases is listed in repertory format.
Broadleaf deciduous shrub or lowbranching tree, upright, spreading, as a shrub 15 ft 4. Vaccinium myrtillus leaves and frangula alnus bark derived extracts. Maine natural areas program, invasive plants, glossy buckthorn. Frangula alnus no author given almindelig torst torstetr. Leaves are darkgreen and glossy above while dull green below. Glossy buckthorn alder buckthorn arrowwood berrybearing alder black alder black aldertree black dogwood buckthorn rhamnus frangula. In 1754, miller described the genus frangula, and in 1768, the species frangula alnus.
The plants database includes the following 8 species of frangula. Most authorities now recognize this section as a separate genus, using. Frangula article about frangula by the free dictionary. Frangula bark, alder buckthorn, is obtained from rhamnus frangula l. Plant communities of highland heights community park, cuyahoga county, ohio 1 the glossy buckthorn rhamnus frangula also mildly poisonous has bark and growth form that looks somewhat similar to the chokecherry. The flowers, which are small and bisexual, are in axillary dichasia or fascicles. Flowers are perfect both male and female parts present, yellowish or greenish white, about 18 inch across on a stalk. Add to offer download pdf direct contact order the tree book share page through whatsapp. Effects of rhamnus frangula extract on mcf7 cells in cell culture.
The bark on young shoots is green, becoming greybrown. Very small and inconspicuous, pale yellowgreen, bellshaped, appearing in. Hardy to usda zone 3 native to europe, western asia and north africa. Frangula alnus usda, ars, germplasm resources information network. Clusters about 1 inch across in the leaf axils of new growth, 2 to 8 flowers in a cluster.
Invasive species rhamnus frangula or frangula alnus glossy buckthorn is a shrub or small tree with simple, shiny leaves and peasized red to purple fruit. The cultivar ron williams differs from the species frangula alnus in its columnar habit, narrow leaf. Pdf vaccinium myrtillus leaves and frangula alnus bark derived. Frangula alnus assessment answers are underlined and in bold. Vaccinium myrtillus leaves and frangula alnus bark derived. It was planted for hedgerows, forestry plantings, and wildlife habitat, but has become an invasive species, invading forests in the northeastern united states and wetlands and moist forest in the midwestern united states. Pre evaluation report for frangula alnus ron williams fine line.
Frangula purshiana cascara buckthorn frangula rubra red buckthorn frangula sphaerosperma west indian buckthorn legal. Frangula alnus online atlas of the british and irish flora. A recent molecular study by bolmgren and oxelman 2004. The rhamnoside franguloside, or frangulin, was isolated in 1857. The generic recognition of frangula has been disputed and for many years glossy buckthorn has gone under the name rhamnus frangula l. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. It is native to a large temperate area across europe, from portugal in west to western china in east.
Frangula bark consists of the dried, whole or fragmented bark of the stems and branches of rhamnus frangula l. This is now known to consist of two isomers, frangulosides a and b, formed by partical hydrolysis of the corresponding rhamnoglucosides, glucofrangulins a and b table 21. Tracheophyta magnoliopsida rhamnaceae frangula frangula alnus. Frangula a genus of shrubs or small trees of the family rhamnaceae. Download includes an excel spreadsheet of the attributes, and a pdf explaining the background and nomenclature.
The branches are not spiny, and the buds are without scales. Frangula alnus, commonly known as glossy buckthorn, is a shrub that. Frangula alnus in the germplasm resources information network grin, u. Biological control ofbuckthorns rhamnus cathartica and.
Updated for itis by the flora of north america expertise network, in connection with an update for usda plants 20072010 reference for. In the past, frangula was treated as a subgenus of rhamnus, distinguished from rhamnus sensu stricto by the presence of bisexual instead of unisexual flowers and 5merous instead of 4merous flower parts, and on the basis of seed characteristics. Resembles the native carolina buckthorn frangula caroliniana walt. It is present in most central and northeasternus states. Frangula alnus euforgen european forest genetic resources. Rhamnus frangula bark frangulae cortex herbal reference. Also resembles common buckthorn rhamnus cathartica l. Frangula alnus, commonly known as alder buckthorn, glossy buckthorn, or breaking buckthorn, is a tall deciduous shrub in the family rhamnaceae. Branches are multistemmed, not very regular and arranged in alternate pairs.
Appearance frangula alnus is a large shrub or small tree that can grow to heights of 30 ft. Frangula alnus is most problematic in fens and other wetlands but also can invade uplands and sandy soil forests. It is native to europe, northernmost africa, and western asia, from ireland and great britain north to the 68th parallel in scandinavia, east to central siberia and xinjiang in western. Studies with its main characteristic constituents frangulaemodin derivatives such as. Frangula contains anthraquinone derivatives present mainly in the form of glycosides. Federal distribution and detailed information including photos university of wisconsin green bay. Click below on a thumbnail map or name for species profiles. Frangula alnus had the highest importance index value of 0.